Messel Pit fossil discovery site
Eocene fossils Messel Shale Pit Germany
The Messel Shale Pit, near Darmstadt, and
some 35 km southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
is widely famous for its regular yield of interesting fossils, (including those of a crocodile,
mini-horses, bats, a possible anteater and a tapir), - famous enough
to have been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December, 1995.
The extraordinary fossils found at the Messel Pit have been dated to the so-called
Eocene age which lasted from 54 million to 37.5 million years ago. The many millions of years of the Earth's
existence have been divided, for reference purposes, into
Eras, Periods and Ages, and in these terms the Eocene Age is part of the Tertiary Period and of the Cenozoic Era.
More interestingly, perhaps, the Greek derived word Eocene translates as "New Dawn" and palaeontology
recognises the Eocene as being the age of the first large land mammals.
The Messel Pit seems to have been the site of a deep lake some 1.5km2 in surface area
during the Eocene at which time the Earth's climate was warmer - furthermore it is also believed that since the
Eocene the lands which now feature Darmstadt and
Franfurt in todays Germany have "continentally drifted" all of 10o of latitude northwards.
The Messel Pit is
the most prominent of a number of isolated oil shale deposits dating from the Eocene that are located in the
Sprendlinger Horst, a geological formation lying to the east of Darmstadt.
These shales are carboniferous shales probably as a result of heavy algal presence in a
lake then bounded by lush sub-tropical vegetation. Billions of
green algae called Tetraedron minimum would have lived their brief lives, expired, and join their billions of remains
to those many many billions already deposited further accumulating, along with muds, clays and rotting vegetation, a
bituminous deposit on the base of the lake.
The lake seems to have been within a deep and steep-sided volcanic crater and thus
replenished more by ground water and rain than potentially oxygen-bearing inflows from streams or rivers.
For much of the time, the surface layers of the lake were a hospitable place for fish, turtles, crocodiles, insects
and many other creatures to inhabit. The lower levels were however oxygen poor largely due to
the prodigious presence of dead Algae allowing the remains of
deceased animals to slowly fossilise through the assistance of bacteria
moulding or casting the tissues that would normally decay away
without being more radically disturbed by such
bioturbations as would otherwise have
resulted from scavenging by fish or other larger aquatic life.
The bodies of
any larger life forms that happened to expire into the
the lake would have been preserved for fossilisation
in the
anoxic conditions, or a marked lack of
oxygen, associated with the prodigious presence of decaying algae.
Apart from routine fatalities geologists also consider it possible that giant belchings forth of toxic volcanic gases perhaps released by
tectonic activity could, from time to
time, have also induced fatalities, as a result of gaseous poisonings or suffocations, of various species living near the lake, or flying over it,
whose remains would then become amazingly well preserved in the
anoxic bed of the lake.
During its years of service as a quarry many fossils were discovered, including the
famous early (1875) instance of a fossil crocodile, and found their way to museums
but by the 1960's other, artificial, materials competed for the market for tars and paraffin once claimed by materials
processed from the pit.
![[view of messel pit fossils site]](messel_pit_fossils_site.jpg)
The quarry fell gradually into disuse at a time when its floor was already some 60m
below the adjacent lands. The sedimentary formation has since been found to be more than 200 metres thick at the
center of the deposit, and this is held to represent
over one million years of accumulated deposition that principally took place some forty-eight million years ago in the
middle Eocene.
Believe it or not the dis-used pit almost ended up as a landfill for the dumping of waste!
It was formally proposed, in 1971, that
the then largely disused pit should be brought into service by local governing authorities as a "well managed" dump
- the locals protested however and were supported in this by German and International scientists concerned about
the possible loss of an unique source of Eocene fossils -
even so an
approach road was constructed in preparation for the proposed new role.
Many fossils had been found during the decades the pit was mined for its tarry shales. The disuse of the site
was followed by organised attempts by local museum authorities to discourage amateur fossil collectors
accessing the site and digging fossils in the hope of making profits from their sale. Many, and truly amazing,
successes followed as special transfer-preparation methods were developed to protect the fossils from decay
in the fragile and readily disintegrating oil shale and preserve them permanently.
The Messel Pit actually lies somewhat below the adjacent land and blocks of oil shale recovered from it
often contain 40%+ water. It has been found that exposure to air can be followed by rapid drying-out and
the crumbling of the rock and of
the fossils contained therein.
It is necessary for specimens to be stored in cool, damp conditions and for
transfer to resin, (where the fossil is freed from the shale using needles and scrapers and
colourless, transparent resin is built up in thin layers), to take place promptly.
Given the state of preservation
evidenced
by many fossils that had been engulfed millions of years ago in oxygen-poor and bituminous deposits, the museums and other
academic fossil collectors became seriously interested and the proposed
development of the site as a dump began to become increasingly discredited.
In 1991 the Bundesland of Hessen bought the site for 35 million marks, and authorised the Senckenberg Museum,
Frankfurt, to co-ordinate further excavations.
An amnesty was declared in 1997 allowing fossils, collected irregularly previously to 1995, to be brought into the light of day,
and potentially into the interested attention of scientists.
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