If the truth is told it is Philosophy (Pythagoras and
Plato) rather than Religion that is seen as having the strongest
tradition of endorsing a "Tripartite Soul" view of human nature BUT
the increasing availability of translations of central world
faiths texts allows for a presentation of the consistent way in
which several important world faiths also strongly endorse
a tripartite view of human nature!!!
The implications of this endorsement may well represent
the key to much necessary understanding about the human
condition!!!
Please click on these
links to review quotations about
"Spirituality and the wider world"
drawn from World Faith and other sources as indicated :-
Return to start of this page
Jesus' keynote teaching is known as the Sermon on the Mount.
Inherent to the Sermon on the Mount is an undeniable assertion,
in Jesus' own words as related in more than one of the Gospels in
each case, of the relativity of our personal capacities for
spiritual expression and progress.
The Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount can be regarded as being composed of
three themes-
An invocation towards leading a spiritually centred
life
An encouragement of mild forbearance
A litany against materialistic worldliness
An invocation towards leading a spiritually centred life
And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when
he was set, his disciples came unto him:
And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of
heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be
comforted.
Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after
righteousness: for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the
children of God.
Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake:
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you,
and say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my
sake.
Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in
heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before
you.
Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his
savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for
nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of
men.
Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill
cannot be hid.
Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but
on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the
house.
Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your
good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.
Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets:
I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot
or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be
fulfilled.
"Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least
commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the
least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach
them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
Jesus Matthew 5: 1- 19
An encouragement of mild forbearance
Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a
tooth for a tooth:
But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever
shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other
also.
And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy
coat, let him have thy cloke also.
And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him
twain.
Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow
of thee turn not away.
Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy
neighbour, and hate thine enemy.
But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse
you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them that
despitefully use you and persecute you;
That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven:
for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and
sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust
For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do
not even the publicans do the same?
And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than
others? do not even the publicans so?
Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in
heaven is perfect.
Jesus Matthew 5: 38- 48
A litany against materialistic worldliness
No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one,
and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise
the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what
ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what
ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body
than raiment?
Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they
reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth
them. Are ye not much better than they?
Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit to his
stature?
And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of
the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they
spin:
And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was
not arrayed like one of these.
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which
today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much
more clothe you, O ye of little faith?
Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What
shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed?
(For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your
heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these
things.
But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness;
and all these things shall be added unto you.
Take no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take
thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the
evil thereof.
Jesus Matthew 6: 24-34
See also the other "Central" teaching of Jesus:-
The Parable of the Sower
The results of Comparative Religion investigation allows us
to state that several World Faiths other than Christianity also
assert views about spirituality comparable to that implicit to
the Sermon on the Mount and the Parable of the Sower - i.e. that
human nature is a compound of several elements.
The Masnavi of Jalaluddin
Rumi is an overtly religious work formed within an Islamic
context more than seven hundred years ago.
In the Masnavi there are several passages which suggest that
personal spirituality is relative -
The monk said, "I am searching everywhere for a man
Who lives by the life of the breath of God."
The other said, "Here are men the Bazaar is full;
These are surely men, O enlightened sage!"
The monk said, "I seek a man who walks straight
As well in the road of anger as in that of lust.
Where is one who shows himself a man in anger and lust?
In search of such an one I run from street to street.
If there be one who is a true man in these two states,
I will yield up my life for him this day!"
Masnavi Book 5 Story 10
The Ka'ba is a singularly important Islamic shrine which
stands in the court of the Great Mosque of Mecca and is a site of
pilgrimage for all Muslims.
The Ka'ba, whose renown waxes greater every moment,
Owes its foundation to the piety of Abraham.
Its glory is not derived from stones and mortar,
But from being built without lust or strife.
Masnavi Book 4 Story 2
See more, similarly directed, quotations from the Masnavi of
Jalaluddin Rumi:-
Jalaluddin Rumi
and the tripartite soul
Return to quotations menu
Hinduism or Vedanta is another of the World Faiths which
imputes a multi-faceted character to human "existential
being".
In the Bhagavad Gita we read -
Arjuna spoke.
But by what is a man impelled, O Varshneya! when he commits
sin even against his will, as if compelled by force?
The Holy One spoke.
It is lust: it is wrath, born from the "passion" mode: know
that this, all-devouring, all-defiling, is here our foe.
Bhagavad Gita 3: 36- 37
and again -
He who even here, ere he is freed from the body, can resist
the impulse of lust and wrath, he is devout (yukta); he is
blessed.
He who is happy in himself, pleased with himself, who finds
also light in himself, this Yogin, one with Brahma, finds
nirvãna in him.
The (wise and holy men) whose sins are destroyed, whose doubts
are removed, who are self-restrained and pleased with the
well-being of all that live, obtain nirvãna in
Brahma.
They who are freed from lust and wrath, who are subdued in
nature and in thought, and who know the soul, are near to
nirvãna in Brahma.
Bhagavad Gita 5: 22-26
(Note: In the second of these quotations "Brahma" should be
read "Brahman")
Return to quotations menu
Buddhism also joins with Christianity, Islam, and Vedanta in
suggesting that human behaviors have several identifiable
tendencies -
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana who does not cling to
pleasures, like water on a lotus leaf, like a mustard seed on the
point of a needle.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana who, even here, knows the
end of his suffering, has put down his burden, and is
unshackled.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana whose knowledge is deep,
who possesses wisdom, who knows the right way and the wrong, and
has attained the highest end.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana who keeps aloof both from
laymen and from mendicants, who frequents no houses, and has but
few desires.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana who finds no fault with
other beings, whether feeble or strong, and does not kill nor
cause slaughter.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana who is tolerant with the
intolerant, mild with fault-finders, and free from passion among
the passionate.
Him I call indeed a Brâhmana from whom anger and hatred,
pride and envy have dropt like a mustard seed from the point of a
needle.
Dhammapada V. 401-407
Return to quotations menu
Ancient, classical, Greek philosophy also evidences cogent
suggestions that human nature is complex with that complexity
following the pattern set out in the teachings and texts of
several World Faiths:-
Plato was a pupil and friend of the greek philosopher
Socrates. Amongst the many works attributed to Plato's authorship
is his "The Republic" wherein is set out a series of discourses
that allegedly took place between Socrates and a number of other
persons who variously arrived and departed as the discussions
continued. (Plato may actually have been putting his own ideas in
Socrates' mouth!!!)
It is in this record, made by Plato, of "Socrates? "
philosophising that most intriguing themes are developed -
...can we possibly refuse to admit that there exist in each
of us the same generic parts and characteristics as are found in
the state? For I presume the state has not received them from any
other source. It would be ridiculous to imagine that the presence
of the spirited element in cities is not to be traced to
individuals, wherever this character is imputed to the people, as
it is to the natives of Thrace, and Scythia, and generally
speaking, of the northern countries; or the love of knowledge,
which would be chiefly attributed to our own country; or the love
of riches, which people would especially connect with the
Phoenicians and the Egyptians.
Certainly.
This then is a fact so far, and one which it is not difficult
to apprehend.
No, it is not.
But here begins a difficulty. Are all our actions alike
performed by the one predominant faculty, or are there three
faculties operating severally in our different actions? Do we
learn with one internal faculty, and become angry with another,
and with a third feel desire for all the pleasures connected with
eating and drinking, and the propagation of the species; or upon
every impulse to action, do we perform these several actions with
the whole soul…
Socrates à la Plato's Republic Book 4
...As there are three parts, so there appear to me to be
three pleasures, one appropriate to each part; and similarly
three appetites, and governing principles.
Explain yourself.
According to us, one part was the organ whereby a man learns,
and another that whereby he shews spirit. The third was so
multiform that we were unable to address it by a single
appropriate name; so we named it after that which is its most
important and strongest characteristic. We called it appetitive,
on account of the violence of the appetites of hunger, thirst,
and sex, and all their accompaniments; and we called it
peculiarly money-loving, because money is the chief agent in the
gratification of such appetites.
Yes, we were right.
Then if we were to assert that the pleasure and the affection
of this third part have gain for their object, would not this be
the best summary of the facts upon which we should be likely to
settle by force of argument, as a means of conveying a clear idea
to our own minds, whenever we spoke of this part of the soul? And
shall we not be right in calling it money-loving and
gain-loving?
I confess I think so, he replied.
Again, do we not maintain that the spirited part is wholly
bent on winning power and victory and celebrity?
Certainly we do.
Then would the title of strife-loving and honour-loving be
appropriate to it?
Yes, most appropriate?
Well, but with regard to the part by which we learn, it is
obvious to everyone that its entire and constant aim is to know
how the truth stands, and that this of all the elements of our
nature feels the least concern for wealth and reputation.
Yes, quite the least.
Then shall we not do well to call it knowledge-loving and
wisdom-loving?
Of course we shall.
Does not this last reign in the souls of some persons, while
in the souls of other people one or other of the two former,
according to circumstances is dominant?
You are right.
And for these reasons may we assert that men may be primarily
classed as lovers of wisdom, of strife, and of gain?
Yes, certainly.
And that there are three kinds of pleasure, respectively
underlying the three classes?
Exactly so.
Now are you aware, I continued, that if you choose to ask
three such men each in his turn, which of these lives is
pleasantest, each will extol his own beyond the others? Thus the
money-making man will tell you, that compared with the pleasures
of gain, the pleasures of being honoured or of acquiring
knowledge are worthless, except in so far as they can produce
money.
True.
But what of the honour-loving man? Does he not look upon the
pleasure derived from money as a vulgar one, while, on the other
hand, he regards the pleasure derived from learning as a mere
vapour and absurdity unless honour be the fruit of it.
That is precisely the case.
And must we not suppose that the lover of wisdom regards all
other pleasures as, by comparison, very far inferior to the
pleasure of knowing how the truth stands, and of being constantly
occupied with this pursuit of knowledge…
Socrates à la Plato's Republic Book 9
Return to quotations menu
Pythagoras also, in earlier times, advanced a similar view
of human nature.
In 518 B.C. Pythagoras travelled west and during his journey
reputedly had a significant interview with the prominent ruler
Leon of Philus whilst both were attending some public
Games.
King Leon was most impressed by Pythagoras' range of knowledge
and asked which of the arts he was most proficient in. Pythagoras
replied that, rather than being proficient in any art, he
regarded himself as being a philosopher.
King Leon had never heard this term before and asked for an
explanation.
This is the recorded reply:-
Life, Prince Leon, may well be compared with these
public Games for in the vast crowd assembled here some are
attracted by the acquisition of gain, others are led on by the
hopes and ambitions of fame and glory. But among them are a few
who have come to observe and to understand all that passes here.
It is the same with life. Some are influenced by the love of
wealth while others are blindly led on by the mad fever for power
and domination, but the finest type of man gives himself up to
discovering the meaning and purpose of life itself. He seeks to
uncover the secrets of nature. This is the man I call a
philosopher for although no man is completely wise in all
respects, he can love wisdom as the key to nature's
secrets.
Return to quotations menu
And lastly the Bard of Avon bringing down the curtain on this
review -
O! what a noble mind is here o'erthrown!
The courtier's, soldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword;
The expectancy and rose of the fair state,
The glass of fashion, and the mould of form,
The observed of all observers, quite, quite, down!
William Shakespeare
and again -
There's neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in
thee.
William Shakespeare
Return to quotations menu
So we have the teachings or the works of -
- Jesus
- also known as the Christ and the Redeemer.
- Rúmí
- very possibly the greatest Mystical Poet in history.
- The Bhagavad Gita
- perhaps the most important of Hindu texts.
- The Dhammapada
- one of the most important of Buddhist texts.
- Pythagoras
- the originator of the term "philosopher"
- Socrates & Plato
- undeniably amongst the most significant of
philosophers.
- Shakespeare
- probably the most omniscient of secular writers.
...all either implicitly or explicitly imparting the
unmistakable idea that each person's capacity for spirituality is
one amongst other potentialities of behaviour.
We have then, from a Comparative Religion survey of the
teachings of several World Faiths, from Philosophy, and from
Poetry, (and also from Common Sense based on experience!!!), more
than sufficient grounds for accepting that there exists a range
of particularly evident human behavioural potentialities or
proclivities.
Who can doubt but that human nature
is both complex and multi-faceted?
Arising from his famous dictum "I think therefore I am" Descartes set a headline for western philosophy by
providing a method through which people could hope
to feel confident that they were indeed capable of true knowledge. It seems to us that a true knowledge
of
humanity and the human world needs to be based on a wisdom that goes beyond a concentration on rationality
through recognising and
appreciating the
sort of the Tripartism set out on this page as it
may well tend to conclusively suggest that people are basically broadly human rather than being purely rational.
We are human beings and usually live our lives more immediately in humanly complicated and nuanced societies than
we live them in a straightforwardly physical world. It can be suggested that human nature itself
may well have aspects that tend to furnish us with frames of reference and meaning that help us both to interpret the world
and to participate in the world as human beings.
"...the soul in man is not an organ, but animates and exercises all the organs; is not a function, like the power of memory, of calculation, of comparison, but uses these as hands and feet; is not a faculty, but a light; is not the intellect or the will, but the master of the intellect and the will; is the background of our being, in which they lie..."
Ralph Waldo Emerson
"All the capacities implanted in a creature by nature are destined to
unfold themselves, completely and conformably to their end, in the course of time."
Immanuel Kant
"...so is society, and so is the world. The soul looketh steadily forwards, creating a world before her, leaving worlds behind her..."
Ralph Waldo Emerson
|
|